Astronomy: a natural science, Astronomy is the study of the universe, the celestial objects that make up the universe, and the processes that govern the lifecycle of those objects. Astronomy is largely an observational science. Astronomers use the electromagnetic radiation emitted from stars and other celestial objects, which can include visible light, UV, infrared, and X-rays. Because the light from these objects is the primary means to study them, one of the most important tools for an astronomer is the telescope.n. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, galaxies, and comets; while the phenomena include supernova explosions, gamma ray bursts, and cosmic microwave background radiation.