mouse monoclonal IgG2a; Estrogen Receptor alpha Antibody (D-12) is an IgG2a κ mouse monoclonal Estrogen Receptor alpha mouse monoclonal antibody (also designated ER alpha antibody or ERα antibody) that detects the protein of mouse, rat and human origin by WB, IP, IF, IHC(P) and ELISA. Estrogen Receptor alpha Antibody (D-12) is available as both the non-conjugated anti-Estrogen Receptor alpha antibody form as well as multiple conjugated forms of anti-Estrogen Receptor alpha antibody, including HRP, FITC, agarose, PE and multiple Alexa Fluor® conjugates. Estrogen receptors (ER) are members of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. Estrogen receptors, including ERα and ERβ, contain DNA binding and ligand binding domains and are critically involved in regulating the normal function of reproductive tissues. They are located in the nucleus, though some estrogen receptors associate with the cell surface membrane and can be rapidly activated by exposure of cells to estrogen. ERα and ERβ have been shown to be differentially activated by various ligands. Receptor-ligand interactions trigger a cascade of events, including dissociation from heat shock proteins, receptor dimerization, phosphorylation and the association of the hormone activated receptor with specific regulatory elements in target genes. Evidence suggests that ERα and ERβ may be regulated by distinct mechanisms even though they share many functional characteristics.